A recurring headache, a bit of forgetfulness, or a sudden stumble might not be merely related to stress or anxiety. For thousands of Indians each year, such symptoms are the beginning of a perilous, though much-misunderstood illness -- brain tumour.

"Brain tumours imitate usual problems like headaches, dizziness, mood swings, which can lead to delayed diagnosis," says Dr. Praveen Gupta, Principal Director & Chief of Neurology, "By the time a patient comes to us, the tumour can already spread, and so much harm is already done. Early detection is the only true weapon we have," said Dr. Gupta.

A brain tumour refers to abnormal cell growth inside the brain, which puts pressure on the skull and can be life-threatening if not treated early. They are either primary tumours that develop in the brain or metastatic tumours that develop from cancers in other parts of the body, explained Dr Gupta.

The global incidence of brain tumours is estimated by the World Health Organisation as around 10 per 100,000 persons. In India, this stands at around 5 to 10 per 100,000, but officials caution that this may be an underestimate due to underreporting of cases and non-availability of neuroimaging facilities in large parts of the country. The International Association of Cancer Registries estimates over 28,000 brain tumour cases are reported every year in India.

In contrast to most other cancers, where survival is greatly increased in the early stages, brain tumours can be fatal even in the early stage because of their site and effect on vital brain functions. Even with advances in medicine, the survival rate for malignant brain tumours in India is low -- between 12 to 18 months after diagnosis in most instances, Dr Gupta said.

"The point of concern is awareness about brain tumours," said Dr Madhukar Bhardwaj, Director & HOD- Neurology, Aakash Healthcare, "We are registering more cases among younger people too," he added, mentioning the variety of symptoms as well: seizures, blurred vision, loss of balance, vomiting, memory problems, personality changes. Dr  Madhukar said that although these symptoms occur, many people confuse them with normal problems.

Dr Ruchi Singh, HOD & Senior Consultant- Radiation Oncology, Asian Hospital also said that by the time many patients reach us, the tumour has progressed to a stage where treatment becomes not only more complex but also more expensive as the treatment may include radiation, chemotherapy, and surgeries.

Cost is a big hindrance in low-income areas," says Dr. Narendra Motarwar, Consultant - Neurosurgery of Jupiter Hospital, Super specialty hospitals have facilities but many cannot afford it, he claimed. Then there are government hospitals, where the treatment is available, but patients from small towns and cities approach such a treatment at a very late stage, he added.

"Even now, a lot of patients come in after being treated for migraines or mental disorders," says Dr. Aakaar Kapoor, CEO of City XRay and Scan Clinic, "Tumours can be detected using imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans early on, but majority of the patients visit a neurologist only at an advanced stage."

Experts highlight immediate need for awareness, improved infrastructure in tier-2 cities and rural areas, and comprehensive support systems for patients and caregivers. Dr Gupta said "with India seeing a steady increase in such cases, the moment to act is now."